To implement network bootstrap in ns3, we need to initialize network nodes and configure them to discover and join the network. This process can be necessary in scenarios like sensor networks, IoT networks, and mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Here are the steps to implement a simple network bootstrapping mechanism in ns3.
Steps for implementation
Step 1: Set up the simulation
Make sure that ns3 is installed in the computer. If not, install it.
Step 2: Create the network topology
Define the network topology with multiple nodes. In our example, let’s simulate a scenario where nodes boot up, discover and join the network dynamically.
Step 4: Define the Bootstrapping Application
Simulate the bootstrap application by creating a custom application.
Step 4: Write the script
Here is an example script to create and configure network bootstrapping in ns3.
- Create a new file :
Save the below script as network-bootstrapping.cc in the scratch directory of our ns3 installation.
#include “ns3/core-module.h”
#include “ns3/network-module.h”
#include “ns3/internet-module.h”
#include “ns3/point-to-point-module.h”
#include “ns3/wifi-module.h”
#include “ns3/mobility-module.h”
#include “ns3/applications-module.h”
using namespace ns3;
NS_LOG_COMPONENT_DEFINE (“NetworkBootstrappingExample”);
class BootstrappingApplication : public Application
{
public:
BootstrappingApplication ();
virtual ~BootstrappingApplication ();
void Setup (Ptr<Socket> socket, Address broadcastAddress, Address responseAddress, uint16_t port);
protected:
virtual void StartApplication (void);
virtual void StopApplication (void);
private:
void SendDiscoveryPacket ();
void ReceivePacket (Ptr<Socket> socket);
Ptr<Socket> m_socket;
Address m_broadcastAddress;
Address m_responseAddress;
uint16_t m_port;
EventId m_sendEvent;
};
BootstrappingApplication::BootstrappingApplication ()
: m_socket (0), m_port (0)
{
}
BootstrappingApplication::~BootstrappingApplication ()
{
m_socket = 0;
}
void
BootstrappingApplication::Setup (Ptr<Socket> socket, Address broadcastAddress, Address responseAddress, uint16_t port)
{
m_socket = socket;
m_broadcastAddress = broadcastAddress;
m_responseAddress = responseAddress;
m_port = port;
}
void
BootstrappingApplication::StartApplication (void)
{
m_socket->Bind ();
m_socket->SetRecvCallback (MakeCallback (&BootstrappingApplication::ReceivePacket, this));
m_sendEvent = Simulator::Schedule (Seconds (1.0), &BootstrappingApplication::SendDiscoveryPacket, this);
}
void
BootstrappingApplication::StopApplication (void)
{
if (m_socket)
{
m_socket->Close ();
}
Simulator::Cancel (m_sendEvent);
}
void
BootstrappingApplication::SendDiscoveryPacket ()
{
Ptr<Packet> packet = Create<Packet> (1024); // Discovery packet
m_socket->SendTo (packet, 0, m_broadcastAddress);
NS_LOG_UNCOND (“Sent discovery packet”);
// Schedule the next discovery packet
m_sendEvent = Simulator::Schedule (Seconds (5.0), &BootstrappingApplication::SendDiscoveryPacket, this);
}
void
BootstrappingApplication::ReceivePacket (Ptr<Socket> socket)
{
Ptr<Packet> packet = socket->Recv ();
NS_LOG_UNCOND (“Received packet of size ” << packet->GetSize ());
// Send a response packet to indicate successful reception (bootstrapping acknowledgment)
Ptr<Packet> responsePacket = Create<Packet> (512); // Response packet
m_socket->SendTo (responsePacket, 0, m_responseAddress);
NS_LOG_UNCOND (“Sent response packet”);
}
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
CommandLine cmd;
cmd.Parse (argc, argv);
NodeContainer nodes;
nodes.Create (3); // Three nodes for bootstrapping
// Set up Wi-Fi network
WifiHelper wifi;
wifi.SetRemoteStationManager (“ns3::AarfWifiManager”);
YansWifiPhyHelper wifiPhy = YansWifiPhyHelper::Default ();
YansWifiChannelHelper wifiChannel = YansWifiChannelHelper::Default ();
wifiPhy.SetChannel (wifiChannel.Create ());
WifiMacHelper wifiMac;
Ssid ssid = Ssid (“ns-3-ssid”);
wifiMac.SetType (“ns3::StaWifiMac”,
“Ssid”, SsidValue (ssid),
“ActiveProbing”, BooleanValue (false));
NetDeviceContainer devices = wifi.Install (wifiPhy, wifiMac, nodes);
// Install the Internet stack on the nodes
InternetStackHelper stack;
stack.Install (nodes);
// Assign IP addresses to the devices
Ipv4AddressHelper address;
address.SetBase (“10.1.1.0”, “255.255.255.0”);
Ipv4InterfaceContainer interfaces = address.Assign (devices);
// Set up mobility
MobilityHelper mobility;
mobility.SetMobilityModel (“ns3::ConstantPositionMobilityModel”);
mobility.Install (nodes);
nodes.Get (0)->GetObject<MobilityModel> ()->SetPosition (Vector (0.0, 0.0, 0.0));
nodes.Get (1)->GetObject<MobilityModel> ()->SetPosition (Vector (50.0, 0.0, 0.0));
nodes.Get (2)->GetObject<MobilityModel> ()->SetPosition (Vector (100.0, 0.0, 0.0));
// Set up bootstrapping applications
uint16_t port = 9;
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < nodes.GetN (); ++i)
{
Ptr<Socket> recvSink = Socket::CreateSocket (nodes.Get (i), UdpSocketFactory::GetTypeId ());
InetSocketAddress local = InetSocketAddress (Ipv4Address::GetAny (), port);
recvSink->Bind (local);
Ptr<Socket> source = Socket::CreateSocket (nodes.Get (i), UdpSocketFactory::GetTypeId ());
Ptr<BootstrappingApplication> app = CreateObject<BootstrappingApplication> ();
app->Setup (source, InetSocketAddress (Ipv4Address (“255.255.255.255”), port), InetSocketAddress (interfaces.GetAddress (i), port), port); // Broadcast address
nodes.Get (i)->AddApplication (app);
app->SetStartTime (Seconds (1.0 + i)); // Staggered start times for each node
app->SetStopTime (Seconds (20.0));
}
// Enable packet capturing
wifiPhy.EnablePcap (“network-bootstrapping”, devices);
// Run simulation
Simulator::Run ();
Simulator::Destroy ();
return 0;
}
Explanation:
- Create Nodes and Network:
- Three nodes are created and connected using Wi-Fi.
- Set Up Wi-Fi Network:
- To set up the Wi-Fi network, use WifiHelper, YansWifiPhyHelper, YansWifiChannelHelper, and WifiMacHelper.
- On the nodes, install Wi-Fi devices.
- On the nodes, install the Internet stack.
- Assign IP Addresses:
- Assign IP addresses to the network interfaces by using Ipv4AddressHelper.
- Set Up Mobility:
- Set fixed positions for the nodes by using MobilityHelper.
- Define Bootstrapping Application:
- Define a BootstrappingApplication class to send discovery packets to a broadcast address and listen for incoming discovery packets.
- The SendDiscoveryPacket function is used to send a discovery packet to the broadcast address and schedules the next discovery event.
- The ReceivePacket function id used to handle incoming discovery packets and sends a response packet to acknowledge successful reception.
- Install and Configure the Application:
- For sending and receiving, create sockets.
- On the nodes, install the BootstrappingApplication.
- Configure the application with the required parameters and schedule the start and stop times.
- Enable Packet Capturing:
- Use EnablePcap to capture the packets transmitted throughout the network.
- Run the Simulation:
- Define the start and stop times for the applications.
- Run the simulation and log the results.
Step 4: Build and Run the Simulation
Save the script as network-bootstrapping.cc and build the script using waf, then run the simulation.
./waf configure
./waf build
./waf –run network-bootstrapping
Step 5: Analyze the results
We can analyze the results by observing at the logs and the pcap files produced by the packet capturing and verify the behavior of the bootstrapping application after the simulation.
On the whole, we had a analysis on the implementation of network bootstrapping by initializing network nodes and configuring them to discover and join the network. Also, we provide a detailed explanation on Network Bootstrapping.
Compare different aspects of network Bootstrapping in the ns3tool with ns3simulation.com. Our team of developers will help you with the implementation and coding for your research project. We have all the necessary resources to support you in your work.