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How to Implement Reputation based Routing in ns3

To implement the reputation-based routing in ns3, we need to generate the routing protocol that estimates and employed reputation metrics to make routing decisions. The reputation metric usually evaluated based on the behaviour and communication of nodes over time. The given below is the complete procedure on how to implement the reputation-based routing protocol in ns3.

Step-by-Step Implementation:

  1. Set up ns3 Environment

Make certain ns3 is installed in the computer.

  1. Create a New Simulation Script

Create a new C++ script for your simulation. For this example, we’ll use C++.

  1. Include Necessary Headers

Include the essential ns3 headers in the script.

#include “ns3/core-module.h”

#include “ns3/network-module.h”

#include “ns3/internet-module.h”

#include “ns3/point-to-point-module.h”

#include “ns3/mobility-module.h”

#include “ns3/applications-module.h”

#include “ns3/aodv-module.h”

4.      Define the Network Topology

Set up the basic network topology that contains nodes, devices, and links. For this example, we’ll set up a simple ad-hoc network using the AODV routing protocol and modify it to include reputation metrics.

using namespace ns3;

NS_LOG_COMPONENT_DEFINE (“ReputationBasedRoutingExample”);

// Custom Reputation-based AODV Routing Protocol

class ReputationAodvRoutingProtocol : public aodv::RoutingProtocol {

public:

static TypeId GetTypeId (void) {

static TypeId tid = TypeId (“ReputationAodvRoutingProtocol”)

.SetParent<aodv::RoutingProtocol> ()

.AddConstructor<ReputationAodvRoutingProtocol> ();

return tid;

}

ReputationAodvRoutingProtocol () {}

virtual ~ReputationAodvRoutingProtocol () {}

// Override SendRequest to include reputation metric calculation

virtual void SendRequest (Ipv4Address dst) override {

// Example: Check reputation metric before sending request

if (CheckReputationMetric (dst)) {

aodv::RoutingProtocol::SendRequest (dst);

}

}

private:

bool CheckReputationMetric (Ipv4Address addr) {

// Implement your reputation metric calculation here

// For example, return true if reputation metric is above a threshold

double reputationMetric = GetReputationMetric (addr);

return reputationMetric > 0.5; // Example threshold

}

double GetReputationMetric (Ipv4Address addr) {

// Implement your reputation metric calculation here

// For this example, we’ll just return a random reputation metric

Ptr<UniformRandomVariable> uv = CreateObject<UniformRandomVariable> ();

return uv->GetValue ();

}

};

int main (int argc, char *argv[]) {

CommandLine cmd;

cmd.Parse (argc, argv);

// Create nodes

NodeContainer nodes;

nodes.Create (4); // Create 4 nodes

// Set up point-to-point links

PointToPointHelper p2p;

p2p.SetDeviceAttribute (“DataRate”, StringValue (“5Mbps”));

p2p.SetChannelAttribute (“Delay”, StringValue (“2ms”));

NetDeviceContainer devices;

devices.Add (p2p.Install (nodes.Get (0), nodes.Get (1)));

devices.Add (p2p.Install (nodes.Get (1), nodes.Get (2)));

devices.Add (p2p.Install (nodes.Get (2), nodes.Get (3)));

// Install the internet stack

InternetStackHelper stack;

stack.Install (nodes);

Ipv4AddressHelper address;

address.SetBase (“10.1.1.0”, “255.255.255.0”);

Ipv4InterfaceContainer interfaces = address.Assign (devices);

// Set mobility (optional)

MobilityHelper mobility;

mobility.SetMobilityModel (“ns3::ConstantPositionMobilityModel”);

mobility.Install (nodes);

// Install applications

uint16_t port = 9;

OnOffHelper onoff (“ns3::UdpSocketFactory”, InetSocketAddress (interfaces.GetAddress (3), port));

onoff.SetAttribute (“OnTime”, StringValue (“ns3::ConstantRandomVariable[Constant=1]”));

onoff.SetAttribute (“OffTime”, StringValue (“ns3::ConstantRandomVariable[Constant=0]”));

onoff.SetAttribute (“DataRate”, DataRateValue (DataRate (“1Mbps”)));

onoff.SetAttribute (“PacketSize”, UintegerValue (1024));

ApplicationContainer apps = onoff.Install (nodes.Get (0));

apps.Start (Seconds (1.0));

apps.Stop (Seconds (10.0));

PacketSinkHelper sink (“ns3::UdpSocketFactory”, InetSocketAddress (Ipv4Address::GetAny (), port));

ApplicationContainer sinkApps = sink.Install (nodes.Get (3));

sinkApps.Start (Seconds (0.0));

sinkApps.Stop (Seconds (10.0));

// Enable pcap tracing

p2p.EnablePcapAll (“reputation-based-routing”);

// Set up flow monitor

FlowMonitorHelper flowmon;

Ptr<FlowMonitor> monitor = flowmon.InstallAll();

// Run simulation

Simulator::Stop (Seconds (10.0));

Simulator::Run ();

// Print flow monitor statistics

monitor->CheckForLostPackets ();

Ptr<Ipv4FlowClassifier> classifier = DynamicCast<Ipv4FlowClassifier> (flowmon.GetClassifier ());

std::map<FlowId, FlowMonitor::FlowStats> stats = monitor->GetFlowStats ();

for (std::map<FlowId, FlowMonitor::FlowStats>::const_iterator i = stats.begin (); i != stats.end (); ++i) {

Ipv4FlowClassifier::FiveTuple t = classifier->FindFlow (i->first);

NS_LOG_UNCOND (“Flow ” << i->first << ” (” << t.sourceAddress << ” -> ” << t.destinationAddress << “)”);

NS_LOG_UNCOND (”  Tx Bytes:   ” << i->second.txBytes);

NS_LOG_UNCOND (”  Rx Bytes:   ” << i->second.rxBytes);

NS_LOG_UNCOND (”  Throughput: ” << i->second.rxBytes * 8.0 / (i->second.timeLastRxPacket.GetSeconds () – i->second.timeFirstTxPacket.GetSeconds ()) / 1024 << ” Kbps”);

}

Simulator::Destroy ();

return 0;

}

Explanation

  • Network Topology: The script sets up a simple point-to-point network with four nodes.
  • Mobility: Nodes are given fixed positions using the ConstantPositionMobilityModel.
  • Custom Routing Protocol: A custom AODV routing protocol class (ReputationAodvRoutingProtocol) is created by inheriting from aodv::RoutingProtocol and overriding the SendRequest method to include reputation metric checks.
  • Applications: An OnOff application is installed on the first node to generate UDP traffic to the last node. A PacketSink application is installed on the last node to receive the traffic.
  • PCAP Tracing: PCAP tracing is enabled to capture packets for analysis.
  • Flow Monitor: FlowMonitor is used to collect network statistics, which are printed at the end of the simulation.

5.      Build and Run the Script

Save the script and build it using the ns-3 build system (waf).

./waf configure

./waf build

./waf –run reputation-based-routing

Extending the Example

Here, we can extend this sample to include more complex reputation-based routing scenarios, such as:

  • Dynamic Reputation Metrics: Implement dynamic reputation metrics that change based on node behavior over time.
  • Reputation Calculation: Use more sophisticated algorithms for reputation calculation, such as using past interactions, reputation systems, or machine learning models.
  • Multi-Hop Routing: Extend the reputation-based routing to support multi-hop communication and routing decisions based on cumulative reputation metrics.
  • Security Attacks: Simulate security attacks (e.g., black hole, gray hole) and evaluate the effectiveness of the reputation-based routing protocol in mitigating these attacks.
  • Network Monitoring: Use the FlowMonitor module to monitor network performance metrics such as throughput, delay, and packet loss, and correlate them with reputation metrics.

Now, we are going to provide the sample setup for dynamic reputation metrics:

bool CheckReputationMetric (Ipv4Address addr) {

double reputationMetric = GetReputationMetric (addr);

// Adjust reputation threshold based on dynamic conditions

double threshold = 0.5; // Example threshold

if (Simulator::Now ().GetSeconds () > 5.0) {

threshold = 0.7; // Increase threshold after 5 seconds

}

return reputationMetric > threshold;

}

In the final, we all learn and get knowledge about the reputation-based routing that is used to make the appropriate decision that was implemented in ns3 simulation tool. We will elaborate on the reputation-based routing strategy applied in different simulation instances.

Comparative analysis on Reputation based Routing in ns3tool are carried out by ns3simulation.com , so if you face any difficulties then connect with us.