To implement the Certificateless Public Key Cryptography (CL-PKC) in ns3, with the help of certificateless cryptographic techniques, nodes should be able to encrypt and decrypt messages simply by creating secure interactive environment. Here, we offered the step-by-step procedure to implement certificateless cryptography in ns3.
Step 1: Set Up ns3 Environment
- Install ns3: Make certain, your pc has the ns3 and Follow the installation guide suitable for your operating system.
- Familiarize Yourself with ns3: Go through the ns3 tutorial to know better the basic concepts and structure of ns3 simulations.
Step 2: Set Up Pairing-Based Cryptography Library
- Install a Pairing-Based Cryptography Library: We can use PBC (Pairing-Based Cryptography) or Charm libraries. Make sure that the requirements needed for the libraries are installed.
- Install the Library: Follow the installation instructions for your chosen library. we provide the sample for PBC:
sudo apt-get install libpbc-dev
Step 3: Define the Network Topology
- Create a Simple Network: With the help of ns3, we can define a basic network topology which involves creating nodes, setting up channels, and configuring IP addresses. We’ll use a point-to-point topology for simplicity.
#include “ns3/core-module.h”
#include “ns3/network-module.h”
#include “ns3/internet-module.h”
#include “ns3/point-to-point-module.h”
#include “ns3/applications-module.h”
#include <pbc/pbc.h>
#include <pbc/pbc_test.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace ns3;
class CertificatelessCryptography {
public:
CertificatelessCryptography() {
// Initialize pairing
pbc_param_t param;
pairing_init_pbc_param(param, “type a”);
pairing_init_pbc_param(p, param);
}
void Setup() {
element_init_G1(P, p);
element_init_G1(Q, p);
element_init_Zr(masterSecret, p);
element_init_G1(masterPublic, p);
element_random(P);
element_random(masterSecret);
element_pow_zn(masterPublic, P, masterSecret);
}
std::string ExtractPartialPrivateKey(const std::string &identity) {
element_t idElement;
element_init_G1(idElement, p);
element_from_hash(idElement, identity.c_str(), identity.size());
element_t partialPrivateKey;
element_init_G1(partialPrivateKey, p);
element_pow_zn(partialPrivateKey, idElement, masterSecret);
std::stringstream ss;
ss << partialPrivateKey;
return ss.str();
}
std::pair<std::string, std::string> GenerateUserKeys(const std::string &partialPrivateKey) {
element_t s;
element_init_Zr(s, p);
element_random(s);
element_t D;
element_init_G1(D, p);
element_from_str(D, partialPrivateKey.c_str());
element_t publicKey;
element_init_G1(publicKey, p);
element_pow_zn(publicKey, P, s);
element_t privateKey;
element_init_G1(privateKey, p);
element_mul(privateKey, D, publicKey);
std::stringstream ssPublic, ssPrivate;
ssPublic << publicKey;
ssPrivate << privateKey;
return {ssPublic.str(), ssPrivate.str()};
}
std::string Encrypt(const std::string &message, const std::string &publicKey) {
element_t pubKeyElement;
element_init_G1(pubKeyElement, p);
element_from_str(pubKeyElement, publicKey.c_str());
element_t sessionKey;
element_init_G1(sessionKey, p);
element_pow_zn(sessionKey, P, masterSecret);
std::stringstream ss;
ss << sessionKey;
// Simple XOR encryption for demonstration
std::string encryptedMessage;
for (size_t i = 0; i < message.size(); ++i) {
encryptedMessage += message[i] ^ ss.str()[i % ss.str().size()];
}
return encryptedMessage;
}
std::string Decrypt(const std::string &encryptedMessage, const std::string &privateKey) {
element_t privKeyElement;
element_init_G1(privKeyElement, p);
element_from_str(privKeyElement, privateKey.c_str());
element_t sessionKey;
element_init_G1(sessionKey, p);
element_pow_zn(sessionKey, P, masterSecret);
std::stringstream ss;
ss << sessionKey;
// Simple XOR decryption for demonstration
std::string decryptedMessage;
for (size_t i = 0; i < encryptedMessage.size(); ++i) {
decryptedMessage += encryptedMessage[i] ^ ss.str()[i % ss.str().size()];
}
return decryptedMessage;
}
private:
pairing_t p;
element_t P, Q, masterSecret, masterPublic;
};
class CLPKCApp : public Application {
public:
CLPKCApp() {}
virtual ~CLPKCApp() {}
void Setup(Address address, uint16_t port, CertificatelessCryptography &clpkc, const std::string &identity) {
m_peerAddress = address;
m_peerPort = port;
m_clpkc = &clpkc;
m_identity = identity;
m_partialPrivateKey = clpkc.ExtractPartialPrivateKey(identity);
auto keys = clpkc.GenerateUserKeys(m_partialPrivateKey);
m_publicKey = keys.first;
m_privateKey = keys.second;
}
private:
virtual void StartApplication() {
m_socket = Socket::CreateSocket(GetNode(), TypeId::LookupByName(“ns3::UdpSocketFactory”));
m_socket->Bind();
m_socket->Connect(InetSocketAddress(m_peerAddress, m_peerPort));
// Schedule the first packet transmission
Simulator::Schedule(Seconds(1.0), &CLPKCApp::SendPacket, this);
// Set up the receive callback
m_socket->SetRecvCallback(MakeCallback(&CLPKCApp::ReceivePacket, this));
}
virtual void StopApplication() {
if (m_socket) {
m_socket->Close();
m_socket = 0;
}
}
void SendPacket() {
std::string message = “Hello, this is a secure message!”;
std::string encryptedMessage = m_clpkc->Encrypt(message, m_publicKey);
Ptr<Packet> packet = Create<Packet>((uint8_t*)encryptedMessage.c_str(), encryptedMessage.size());
m_socket->Send(packet);
// Schedule the next packet transmission
Simulator::Schedule(Seconds(1.0), &CLPKCApp::SendPacket, this);
}
void ReceivePacket(Ptr<Socket> socket) {
Ptr<Packet> packet = socket->Recv();
uint8_t buffer[1024];
packet->CopyData(buffer, packet->GetSize());
std::string encryptedMessage((char*)buffer, packet->GetSize());
std::string decryptedMessage = m_clpkc->Decrypt(encryptedMessage, m_privateKey);
std::cout << “Received message: ” << decryptedMessage << std::endl;
}
Ptr<Socket> m_socket;
Address m_peerAddress;
uint16_t m_peerPort;
CertificatelessCryptography *m_clpkc;
std::string m_identity;
std::string m_partialPrivateKey;
std::string m_publicKey;
std::string m_privateKey;
};
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
NodeContainer nodes;
nodes.Create(2); // Example: 2 nodes (1 client, 1 server)
PointToPointHelper pointToPoint;
pointToPoint.SetDeviceAttribute(“DataRate”, StringValue(“1Gbps”));
pointToPoint.SetChannelAttribute(“Delay”, StringValue(“2ms”));
NetDeviceContainer devices;
devices = pointToPoint.Install(nodes);
InternetStackHelper stack;
stack.Install(nodes);
Ipv4AddressHelper address;
address.SetBase(“10.1.1.0”, “255.255.255.0”);
Ipv4InterfaceContainer interfaces = address.Assign(devices);
uint16_t port = 9
// Set up Certificateless Cryptography
CertificatelessCryptography clpkc;
clpkc.Setup();
Ptr<CLPKCApp> clientApp = CreateObject<CLPKCApp>();
clientApp->Setup(InetSocketAddress(interfaces.GetAddress(1), port), port, clpkc, “client@network”);
nodes.Get(0)->AddApplication(clientApp);
clientApp->SetStartTime(Seconds(2.0));
clientApp->SetStopTime(Seconds(10.0));
Ptr<CLPKCApp> serverApp = CreateObject<CLPKCApp>();
serverApp->Setup(InetSocketAddress(Ipv4Address::GetAny(), port), port, clpkc, “server@network”);
nodes.Get(1)->AddApplication(serverApp);
serverApp->SetStartTime(Seconds(1.0));
serverApp->SetStopTime(Seconds(10.0));
Simulator::Run();
Simulator::Destroy();
return 0;
}
Explanation:
- Pairing-Based Cryptography Library Integration:
- For certificateless cryptography, we can use PBC (Pairing-Based Cryptography) library and verify it is properly installed.
- CertificatelessCryptography Class:
- Handles the setup, partial private key extraction, user key generation, encryption, and decryption processes.
- Pairing and generating public parameters are done by initializing the Setup method.
- ExtractPartialPrivateKey method derives a partial private key from the identity.
- GenerateUserKeys method generates the user’s public and private keys based on the partial private key.
- Encrypt and Decrypt methods handle the encryption and decryption using the derived keys.
- CLPKCApp Class:
- Handles the application logic that contains sending and receiving encrypted messages.
- Application which includes peer address, port, certificateless cryptography instance, and identity by initializing the Setup method.
- StartApplication method sets up the socket connection, schedules the first packet transmission, and sets up the receive callback.
- SendPacket method encrypts a message and sends it to the peer node.
- ReceivePacket method decrypts the received message and prints it.
- Main Function:
- Creates a simple point-to-point network with 2 nodes (client and server).
- To initialize the CLPKC applications on both client and server nodes, we have to set up the certificateless cryptography.
- The encrypted messages are send to the server by the client, and it is decrypted by the server and prints the messages.
Compile and Run:
- Compile the Code: Make certain that PBC library is installed on your system. Then, compile the code using the following command:
g++ -std=c++11 -o ns3-clpkc main.cc -lpbc `pkg-config –cflags –libs ns3-dev`
- Run the Simulation: Execute the compiled program:
./ns3-clpkc
This setup demonstrates a simple implementation of certificateless cryptography in ns3. You can expand it further to include more nodes, complex topologies, and additional cryptographic functionalities as needed.
Using this script, we have now utterly known about how to implement the Certificateless cryptography in the ns3 tool. For future references, we will provide any related information on Certificateless cryptography to help you.
We implement Certificateless Public Key Cryptography (CL-PKC) in the ns3 program. We will show you how to use this tool for your projects on various topics. Our work focuses on making it easy to encrypt and decrypt messages, creating a safe and interactive environment.